What are nature-based solutions?
Green roofs to cool buildings; Mangroves to protect shorelines; If you can leverage the power of nature to support human flourishing, that’s a nature-based solution.
Nature-based solutions are interventions that harness the ability of nature and natural systems to addresses environmental, economic and social challenges. As such, they are important tools that can mitigate the impacts of climate change and increase our capacity to adapt. From biodiversity loss, food security and pollution to disease control and declining local economies – many regard nature-based solutions as a key approach for addressing such challenges.
Nature-based solutions vary in scope and emphasis and can be entirely natural, sourced directly from nature, or man-made. For example, some solutions focus on being “nature-derived” (such as solar energy) while others are “nature-inspired” (such as restoring wetlands to mitigate flooding). Regardless of approach, the central tenet is a solution that works with nature, rather than against it.
Mangrove forests are an example of a nature-based solution for coastal communities seeking protection from the impacts of strong storms and sea-level rise. A traditional engineered solution might be the construction of an artificial levee to block storm surges. But mangrove forests act as a natural first line of defence by reducing the strength of strong waves. And whereas a levee can break and require rebuilding, a mangrove forest is self-regenerating. They offer added benefits including providing nurseries for a variety of fish populations and acting as carbon sinks, thereby helping to combat climate change.
The resilience of nature-based solutions makes them frequently superior to human engineered solutions from a cost-benefit perspective over time, even though they can be somewhat more expensive to implement.
Nature-based solutions: Methods for achieving sustainable development goals that harness the ability of natural systems to deliver economic, social, and environmental benefits.
Why are nature-based solutions so vital?
Assessing the economic value of natural systems and the benefits of nature-based solutions are part of a necessary, fundamental change in how we measure value creation as a whole. Gross domestic product (GDP) has long been the main indicator used to assess economic progress but fails to take environmental degradation into account. This knowledge needs to go beyond optimizing short-term economic profits to examining the positive and negative side effects of investments on their stakeholders.
Watch Karen Sack, Executive Director of ORRAA, explain how nature is the world’s most incredible entrepreneur – and how investing in nature-based solutions can be cost-effective while delivering economic and social benefits.
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Examples of nature-based solutions
The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, offers a list of nature-based solutions that can be applied at the neighbourhood or site scale, to watersheds or at the landscape scale, and to coastal communities. They offer benefits ranging from storm resilience and water conservation to managing urban heat and pollution. They include:
Green roofs reduce rainwater runoff and energy costs for cooling buildings.
Green streets and tree canopy help combat urban heat by shading pavement, and also soak up carbon and combat air pollution.
Oyster reefs protect coasts from strong waves, provide food to local species, and filter the water.
- Coastal wetlands reduce flooding, improve water quality and support healthy ecosystems.
- Permeable pavement allows more rainwater to soak into the ground.
Broadly, nature-based solutions seek to:
- Protect ecosystems, such as coral reefs.
- Conserve or manage ecosystems, such as a natural forest management or cropland nutrient management.
- Restore ecosystems, such as reforestation.
The triple dividend of nature-based solutions1
Avoid losses: Climate-resilient infrastructure adds 3% to upfront expenses but has a 4:1 benefit-cost ratio. USD 60 trillion in infrastructure investments are expected worldwide between 2020 and 2030.
Social and environmental benefits: Mangrove forests prevent USD 80 billion in annual flood losses and safeguard 18 million people. They contribute USD 40-50 billion each year in non-market benefits such as fishery, forestry, and recreation.
Economic benefits: Protecting infrastructure and communities, for instance by reducing flood risks in urban areas, saves costs, boost security, and makes investments more practical.
More on nature-based solutions
Nature-based solutions and the climate crisis
Our CIO Special discusses the economic and environmental value of nature-based solutions and the importance of natural assets in delivering ecosystem services.
Mangroves and why they need protection
Our CIO Special explores mangroves as a nature-based solution and how they may help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Corals: the rainsforests of the sea
An introductory guide to global threats facing corals and some insights on nature-based solutions to address climate impacts.
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Social factors are those that affect people – whether employees, customers or society at large.
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Governance factors relate to whether a company manages its business in a responsible way.
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